A Country Study: Brazil Library of Congress Call Number F2508 .B846 1998 Brazil Foreword Acknowledgments Preface Table A. Selected Acronyms and Abbreviations Table B. Chronology of Important Events Country Profile Country Geography Society Economy Transportation and Communications Government and Politics National Security Introduction Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Frank D. McCann) The Indigenous Population The Colonial Era, 1500-1815 Frontier Expansion That Shaped Brazil Early Colonization French and Dutch Incursions Gold Mining Displaces Cane Farming The Transition to Kingdom Status The Kingdom of Portugal and Brazil, 1815-21 The Empire, 1822-89 Emperor Pedro I, 1822-31 The Regency Era, 1831-40 The Second Empire, 1840-89 The Republican Era, 1889-1985 The Old or First Republic, 1889-1930 The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54 The Post-Vargas Republic, 1954-64 The Military Republic, 1964-85 Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment (Donald R. Sawyer) The Physical Setting Size and Location Geology, Geomorphology, and Drainage Soils and Vegetation Climate Geographic Regions North Northeast Southeast South Center-West The Environment Population Population Size and Distribution Mortality Fertility Migration and Urbanization Social Structure Social Classes Gender Youth The Elderly Race and Ethnicity Amerindians Rural Groups Cultural Unity and Diversity The Brazilian Way Language Mass Communications Family and Kinship Religion Roman Catholicism Other Religions Health Status and Health Care (Jaklen Muoi Tuyen) Indicators of Health Infectious and Chronic Diseases Nutrition and Diet The Health Care System Health Professionals and Resources Public Health and Welfare Social Security Sanitation and Public Utilities Housing Education Literacy Primary and Secondary Schools Colleges and Universities Principal Research Libraries Social Conflict and Participation Conflict and Nonviolence Growth of Social and Environmental Movements Inclusion and Exclusion Chapter 3 -The Economy (Charles C. Mueller and Werner Baer) Historical Background and Economic Growth The Colonial Period The Sugar Cycle, 1540-1640 The Eighteenth-Century Gold Rush The Economy at Independence, 1822 The Coffee Economy, 1840-1930 A Period of Sweeping Change, 1930-45 Import-Substitution Industrialization, 1945-64 Stagnation and Spectacular Growth, 1962-80 Stagnation, 1962-67 Spectacular Growth, 1968-73 Growth with Debt, 1974-80 Stagnation, Inflation, and Crisis, 1981-94 The 1981-84 Period The 1985-89 Period The 1990-94 Period The Labor Force and Income Levels Employment and Earnings Employment Earnings Inequality and Poverty Structure of Production Agriculture Livestock Fishing Industry Mining Energy Electric Power Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Power The Services Sector (Donald V. Coes) Transportation Highways Railroads Subways Airports Ports Inland Waterways Merchant Marine Telecommunications Tourism Privatization Exchange-Rate and Balance of Payments Policies Exchange Rates and Foreign Trade Capital Flows and the External Debt Fiscal and Monetary Policy, the Public Sector, and Inflation Fiscal Trends in the 1980s Pressures on Public-Sector Expenditures in the 1980s Fiscal Deficits and Inflation Brazil's Real Plan Trade Policies Trade Patterns and Regional Economic Integration Economic Outlook Chapter 4 - Government and Politics (David V. Fleischer) Political Culture Constitutional Framework Structure of Government The Executive The Legislature The Judiciary State and Local Governments The Political Party System Historical Origins and Evolution Major Parties in Congress Progressive Renewal Party Brazilian Democratic Movement Party Liberal Front Party Brazilian Labor Party Democratic Labor Party Workers' Party Brazilian Social Democracy Party Progressive Party Minor Parties in Congress Liberal Party Party of National Reconstruction Brazilian Socialist Party Brazilian Communist Party Communist Party of Brazil Regional Strength of the Parties Party Legislation Politics Sarney's Presidency, 1985-90 Collor de Mello's Presidency, 1990-92 Franco's Presidency, 1992-94 Cardoso's Presidency, 1995- Women in Politics The Electoral System Elections The Presidential Election of 1989 Congressional and State Elections, 1990 Municipal Elections, 1992 General Elections, 1994 Municipal Elections, 1996 Interest Group Politics Interest Groups The Lobbying Process The Media Foreign Relations The Foreign Service Foreign Policy Decision Making Multilateral Relations Latin America Europe The Middle East Africa Asia United States Chapter 5 - National Security (Scott D. Tollefson) The Military Role in Society and Government (Scott D. Tollefson and Frank D. McCann) Early History Military Rebellion and the Revolution of 1930 From Moderator to Director, 1930-85 The Internal Security Mission, 1964-85 Civil-Military Relations, 1985-94 Brazil and International Conflicts, 1917-95 Foreign Military Influence The Military Role in the Intelligence Services (Scott D. Tollefson and Frank D. McCann) The National Intelligence Service, 1964-90 The Strategic Affairs Secretariat, 1990-94 Defense Industries Mission of the Armed Forces The Military Mission since 1988 The Military in the Amazon The Military Role in Counter-Drug Actions Civic Action Defense Expenditures Organization of the Armed Forces Command and Control Army Navy Air Force Personnel and Training (Scott D. Tollefson and Frank D. McCann) Conscription Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia Education and Training Sociology of the Officer Corps Officer Recruitment Women in the Armed Forces Security Forces Federal Police State Police Crime and Punishment Crime Penal Code Penal Institutions Toward the Future Chapter 6 - Science and Technology (Simon Schwartzman and Maria Helena Magalhães Castro) Historical Evolution Colonial Science Imperial Science Applied Science in Agriculture and Health The Search for Alternatives Science and Technology as Modernization, 1945-64 The Great Leap Forward, 1968-79 Science and Technology as a Pressure Group, 1979-90 The Computer Industry Policy Science for Industrial Competitiveness Administration of Science and Technology The Ministry of Science and Technology National Council for Scientific and Technological Development The Funding Authority for Studies and Projects The Coordination of High-Level Personnel Training Other Activities by the Federal Government Science and Technology in the States The São Paulo Science and Technology System Research and Development University Research and Graduate Education Research in State-Owned Corporations Technological Research in the Private Sector Centers of Excellence Policy Perspectives Nuclear Programs (Scott D. Tollefson) The Space Program (Scott D. Tollefson) Missile Programs (Scott D. Tollefson) Appendix. Tables Bibliography Glossary Search by Continent Search Database Choose a Country Study Search Brazil Include word variants . Use only words as entered. Top of Page Top of Page Home >> Country Studies >> Brazil Find in The Library of Congress >> Researchers July 27, 2010 Legal | External Link Disclaimer Contact Us

A Country Study: Brazil Library of Congress Call Number F2508 .B846 1998
Brazil Foreword Acknowledgments Preface Table A. Selected Acronyms and Abbreviations Table B. Chronology of Important Events Country Profile Country Geography Society Economy Transportation and Communications Government and Politics National Security Introduction Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Frank D. McCann) The Indigenous Population The Colonial Era, 1500-1815 Frontier Expansion That Shaped Brazil Early Colonization French and Dutch Incursions Gold Mining Displaces Cane Farming The Transition to Kingdom Status The Kingdom of Portugal and Brazil, 1815-21 The Empire, 1822-89 Emperor Pedro I, 1822-31 The Regency Era, 1831-40 The Second Empire, 1840-89 The Republican Era, 1889-1985 The Old or First Republic, 1889-1930 The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54 The Post-Vargas Republic, 1954-64 The Military Republic, 1964-85 Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment (Donald R. Sawyer) The Physical Setting Size and Location Geology, Geomorphology, and Drainage Soils and Vegetation Climate Geographic Regions North Northeast Southeast South Center-West The Environment Population Population Size and Distribution Mortality Fertility Migration and Urbanization Social Structure Social Classes Gender Youth The Elderly Race and Ethnicity Amerindians Rural Groups Cultural Unity and Diversity The Brazilian Way Language Mass Communications Family and Kinship Religion Roman Catholicism Other Religions Health Status and Health Care (Jaklen Muoi Tuyen) Indicators of Health Infectious and Chronic Diseases Nutrition and Diet The Health Care System Health Professionals and Resources Public Health and Welfare Social Security Sanitation and Public Utilities Housing Education Literacy Primary and Secondary Schools Colleges and Universities Principal Research Libraries Social Conflict and Participation Conflict and Nonviolence Growth of Social and Environmental Movements Inclusion and Exclusion Chapter 3 -The Economy (Charles C. Mueller and Werner Baer) Historical Background and Economic Growth The Colonial Period The Sugar Cycle, 1540-1640 The Eighteenth-Century Gold Rush The Economy at Independence, 1822 The Coffee Economy, 1840-1930 A Period of Sweeping Change, 1930-45 Import-Substitution Industrialization, 1945-64 Stagnation and Spectacular Growth, 1962-80 Stagnation, 1962-67 Spectacular Growth, 1968-73 Growth with Debt, 1974-80 Stagnation, Inflation, and Crisis, 1981-94 The 1981-84 Period The 1985-89 Period The 1990-94 Period The Labor Force and Income Levels Employment and Earnings Employment Earnings Inequality and Poverty Structure of Production Agriculture Livestock Fishing Industry Mining Energy Electric Power Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Power The Services Sector (Donald V. Coes) Transportation Highways Railroads Subways Airports Ports Inland Waterways Merchant Marine Telecommunications Tourism Privatization Exchange-Rate and Balance of Payments Policies Exchange Rates and Foreign Trade Capital Flows and the External Debt Fiscal and Monetary Policy, the Public Sector, and Inflation Fiscal Trends in the 1980s Pressures on Public-Sector Expenditures in the 1980s Fiscal Deficits and Inflation Brazil's Real Plan Trade Policies Trade Patterns and Regional Economic Integration Economic Outlook Chapter 4 - Government and Politics (David V. Fleischer) Political Culture Constitutional Framework Structure of Government The Executive The Legislature The Judiciary State and Local Governments The Political Party System Historical Origins and Evolution Major Parties in Congress Progressive Renewal Party Brazilian Democratic Movement Party Liberal Front Party Brazilian Labor Party Democratic Labor Party Workers' Party Brazilian Social Democracy Party Progressive Party Minor Parties in Congress Liberal Party Party of National Reconstruction Brazilian Socialist Party Brazilian Communist Party Communist Party of Brazil Regional Strength of the Parties Party Legislation Politics Sarney's Presidency, 1985-90 Collor de Mello's Presidency, 1990-92 Franco's Presidency, 1992-94 Cardoso's Presidency, 1995- Women in Politics The Electoral System Elections The Presidential Election of 1989 Congressional and State Elections, 1990 Municipal Elections, 1992 General Elections, 1994 Municipal Elections, 1996 Interest Group Politics Interest Groups The Lobbying Process The Media Foreign Relations The Foreign Service Foreign Policy Decision Making Multilateral Relations Latin America Europe The Middle East Africa Asia United States Chapter 5 - National Security (Scott D. Tollefson) The Military Role in Society and Government (Scott D. Tollefson and Frank D. McCann) Early History Military Rebellion and the Revolution of 1930 From Moderator to Director, 1930-85 The Internal Security Mission, 1964-85 Civil-Military Relations, 1985-94 Brazil and International Conflicts, 1917-95 Foreign Military Influence The Military Role in the Intelligence Services (Scott D. Tollefson and Frank D. McCann) The National Intelligence Service, 1964-90 The Strategic Affairs Secretariat, 1990-94 Defense Industries Mission of the Armed Forces The Military Mission since 1988 The Military in the Amazon The Military Role in Counter-Drug Actions Civic Action Defense Expenditures Organization of the Armed Forces Command and Control Army Navy Air Force Personnel and Training (Scott D. Tollefson and Frank D. McCann) Conscription Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia Education and Training Sociology of the Officer Corps Officer Recruitment Women in the Armed Forces Security Forces Federal Police State Police Crime and Punishment Crime Penal Code Penal Institutions Toward the Future Chapter 6 - Science and Technology (Simon Schwartzman and Maria Helena Magalhães Castro) Historical Evolution Colonial Science Imperial Science Applied Science in Agriculture and Health The Search for Alternatives Science and Technology as Modernization, 1945-64 The Great Leap Forward, 1968-79 Science and Technology as a Pressure Group, 1979-90 The Computer Industry Policy Science for Industrial Competitiveness Administration of Science and Technology The Ministry of Science and Technology National Council for Scientific and Technological Development The Funding Authority for Studies and Projects The Coordination of High-Level Personnel Training Other Activities by the Federal Government Science and Technology in the States The São Paulo Science and Technology System Research and Development University Research and Graduate Education Research in State-Owned Corporations Technological Research in the Private Sector Centers of Excellence Policy Perspectives Nuclear Programs (Scott D. Tollefson) The Space Program (Scott D. Tollefson) Missile Programs (Scott D. Tollefson) Appendix. Tables Bibliography Glossary	Search by Continent Search Database Choose a Country Study Search Brazil Include word variants . Use only words as entered.

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